THE COOLING EFFECT OF GREENHOUSE GASSES

A comparison of the average temperature of planet Earth to that of Venus, Titan, Jupiter and Saturn reveals the 40C (or 40K) degree cooling effect of "greenhouse gasses." 

 

Despite the noise in media and government, the true effect of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere of a planetary body is to make it more efficient at shedding heat back to space.

Firstly, we can define what have been labeled as "greenhouse gasses" as gas molecules with three or more atoms, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane, H2O, CO2, and CH4. Because of their size, they are reactive to heat carrying infrared light wave spectrum.

Secondly, Ideal Gas Law - PV=nRT, shows that temperature is proportional to Pressure and Volume. Given that the atmosphere of Earth and other bodies is contained by gravity, we can strike Volume from the equation for the sake of comparison. The comparison can be made at points of equal atmospheric pressure.

Average temperature of planet Earth is calculated as the average temperature of its atmosphere at sea level, or 1 Bar. Data from NASA provides us the temperature of Venus, Titan, Jupiter, and Saturn at this same point of atmospheric pressure.

Because the heat with the atmosphere of a body within our solar system comes from the Sun, it's distance from the Sun determines how much energy it receives. To calculate the difference in energy between the Earth and other bodies we will use the Inverse Square Law. For example; Venus at 67M miles from the Sun compared to the Earth's 93M miles receives almost twice as much energy. 93/67 Squared = 1.9267. While Saturn and Titan at 880M miles from the Sun receive only 1% as much solar energy. 93/886 Squared = .011.

Next, we can use the Stefan-Boltzmann Law of thermal Radiation to determine much energy we can expect to find at points 1 Bar in the atmosphere of different bodies; 

 

the total radiant heat power emitted from a surface is 

proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.

 

To make our comparison, we must make our calculation of absolute temperature by using the Kelvin Scale, wherein zero degrees K shows a complete absence of thermal energy. Relative to the Celsius Scale: (x − 273.15) °C.  So the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere at sea level expressed as 15 degrees Celsius, is 288K.

 

Data from NASA and the Magellan (1991), Galileo (1995), and Cassini-Huygens (2005) probes to Venus, Jupiter, Titan and Saturn shows the average temperature at 1 Bar, and atmospheric composition as follows:

Venus:         Greenhouse gasses, Yes - 96.5% CO2

                    Distance from the Sun - 67M miles

                    Average Temperature at 1 Bar - 339K

 

Titan:         Greenhouse gasses, Yes - 5% CH4

                   Distance from the Sun: 880M miles

                   Average Temperature at 1 Bar - 94K (1.4 Bar at the surface)

Saturn:       Greenhouse gasses, NO

                    Distance from the Sun: 880M miles

                    Average Temperature at 1 Bar - 134K

 

Jupiter:     Greenhouse gasses, NO

                   Distance from the Sun: 490M miles

                   Average Temperature at 1 Bar - 165K 

 

Comparing the atmospheric temperatures at 1 Bar between Venus and Earth, for example, is made as follows:

(Fourth Root of ((Earth Distance from the Sun/Venus Distance from the Sun) Squared)) x 288K; or (Square Root of (93/67)) x 288K.

                       Distance from         Avg Temp. at 1 Bar             Comparison       Difference

                       the Sun                    as measured by NASA        to Earth

Venus            67M                         339K                                        339K                    0

 

Titan            880M                         94K                                           94K                    0

 

Saturn        880M                          134K                                          94K                   + 40K

 

Jupiter        490M                          165K                                        125K                  + 40K

 

 As we can see, Saturn and Jupiter with no greenhouse gasses measured a thermodynamic equilibrium of temperatures 40K higher than Venus and Titan when compared to Earth at points of equal atmospheric pressure. While Venus and Titan showed thermodynamic equilibrium exactly the same as Earth, with atmospheres containing 96.5% CO2, and 5% CH4 respectively. Thus, the cooling effect of "greenhouse gasses."

There are three major assumptions widely held in mainstream science that have put a chokehold on every scientific institution in the world, and they also happen to be wrong. The purpose of this blog is to correct these assumptions, and in so doing end the unscientific global warming eco-hysteria, and to bring a broader understanding of our planet and our galaxy. The saying that science is self-correcting is simply no longer true when it becomes political science. The three assumptions that need correction are:

1) There is no Greenhouse Effect.

2) Temperature data from the Ice Cores at Vostok, Antarctica and others are not continuous records of past climate.

3) Gravity is a not a constant.

By correcting these wrong assumptions, and throwing out all the junk science built upon them, we have all the evidence necessary to prove that a gravitational wave tuned to the circumference of our galaxy is the cause of past ice ages, the existence and extinction of the megafauna, the anomalies of past sea level, and a force that holds our galaxy together.

THERE IS NO GREENHOUSE EFFECT

It is truly amazing that a theory so obviously flawed as the greenhouse theory has gotten so far for so long and wasted such vast amounts of time and money. It's as if people have never seen a greenhouse. When you look up at the stars at night, do you imagine yourself to be looking through a pane of glass? No. Because our atmosphere is wide open to space. Individual molecules have no ability to trap heat from escaping. It's not a greenhouse and does not behave as such. So let's go ahead and debunk this one first.

FACTORS DETERMINING THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF EARTH

IDEAL GAS LAW

The basic laws of physics such as Ideal Gas Law, PV=nRT, where (P) is atmospheric pressure, (V) is volume, (n) is the number of molecules, (R) is the universal gas constant, and (T) is temperature, show that the temperature of a gas or gasses is proportional to pressure and volume and the composition of gas is insignificant in respect to temperature.

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The Second Law of Thermodynamics dictates that heat transfer can occur in only one direction, from hotter to colder until a thermodynamic equilibrium is reached. The atmosphere both heats and cools the surface of the Earth from day to night. Heat transfer between the surface of the planet and the atmosphere occurs in the troposphere, receiving heat from the sun and atmosphere by day and losing it to the atmosphere and space at night. Planet Earth reaches an average temperature equilibrium at the surface of 15(C), or 288(K).(1)

DATA FROM VENUS

In 1991, NASA space probe Magellan obtained atmospheric data from the planet Venus. Within the troposphere at 49.5(km) above the surface of Venus, the atmospheric pressure matches that of sea level on Earth at 1,000 millibars. The average temperature at this altitude on Venus was found to be 66(C), or 339(K).(2) Venus receives almost twice as much energy from the Sun as Earth, being closer at 67.25 million miles, compared to 93 million miles for Earth. Calculating 93/67.25 squared shows that Venus receives 1.91 times more energy from the Sun than the Earth.

STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW

Using the Stefan-Boltzmann Law of thermal radiation, we can determine that the temperature of a radiating body is proportional to its fourth root. The fourth root of 1.91 yields a value of 1.176.  Expressed more simply, 1.176 is the square root of 93/67.25.

Multiplying the average surface temperature of Earth of 288(K) by 1.176 gives a value of 338.7(K), less than one degree difference from the average temperature as measured on Venus at the same atmospheric pressure, 339(K). After accounting for proximity to the sun, the same thermal equilibrium is found on Venus to within 1 degree as occurs on Earth, while the atmosphere of Venus is comprised of 96.5% CO2 compared to only 0.04% CO2 for Earth.(3)

DATA FROM TITAN

Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, also has a vastly different atmosphere than that of Earth, comprised of roughly 98% Nitrogen and 2% Methane. The surface is also much colder than that of Earth, being 886 million miles from the Sun, and receiving only 1% as much energy from it as does the Earth. Liquid Methane does the work of heat transfer near the surface and throughout the troposphere, forming clouds and rain, with an atmospheric pressure at the surface only slightly higher, at 1.5 times that of Earth.(4)

If we again apply the Stefan-Boltzmann calculation to Titan by finding the square root of 93M/886M we get a value of 0.324. Multiplying by our average surface temperature of Earth at 288(K) tells us the temperature within the troposphere of Titan at similar atmospheric pressure to sea level on Earth should be close to 93.3(K).

The Cassini-Huygens space probe measured the surface temperature of Titan at 94(K), precisely within the range to be expected.(5) Again, after accounting for proximity to the sun, the same thermal equilibrium is reached near the surface of Titan as that of Earth, despite the composition of atmosphere.

ONLY TWO SIGNIFICANT FACTORS DETERMINE THE CLIMATE OF EARTH

It is clear by the data from Venus and Titan when compared against Earth, that the gas composition of a planet’s atmosphere is insignificant in respect to surface temperature. Ideal Gas Law and the Second Law of Thermodynamics hold true for Venus, Earth, and Titan. The only significant factors affecting the thermal equilibrium at the surface of the Earth are:

                   1) Atmospheric Pressure

                   2) Proximity to the Sun

There you have it. There is no greenhouse effect. At this point the global warming alarmists that have taken over the sciences and steered it into utter stupidity will say, "Now what about the ice core record? CO2 hasn't been this high in hundreds of thousands of years." Yes, let's get to that and take a closer look.

ICE CORES ARE NOT CONTINUOUS RECORDS OF PAST CLIMATE

A NEW STUDY OF THE VOSTOK ICE CORE

Data obtained from an ice core taken from Vostok, Antarctica shows dramatic changes in temperature at regular cycles of roughly 100,000 year layers, giving the appearance of swings from glacial maximums to interglacial warm periods over very short periods of time. These dramatic changes in temperature are unlikely to be explained by rapid changes in the Earth’s proximity to the sun, or by rapid changes in atmospheric pressure.

What does explain the odd shape and dramatic changes of the plotted temperature data from Vostok is that the ice core is not a continuous record of past climate, but the fragmented sections of much larger temperature cycles which include periods of ice growth followed by periods of partial melt, leaving behind layers of ice stacked upon each other, representing roughly one third of the total cycle.

A new study of the Vostok ice core was conducted and compared against a new model of past climate. This model included the effects of the Milankovitch cycles to account for changes in proximity to the Sun, calculated for 78 degrees South Latitude, mated to a larger temperature cycle, and was compared against different sections of temperature data from the Vostok ice core.(6) In constructing a new theory of past climate and re-dating sections of the ice core, a strong correlation was found, revealing the cycle of ice ages to recur at roughly 330,000 years.

PAST SEA LEVELS

Further proof of this interpretation of the ice core can be found in the study of past sea levels. As the ice sheet at Vostok went through these larger glacial cycles, landlocked ice melted and poured into the oceans causing sea levels to rise, reaching high stands at points just past the top of the cycle and the maximum of temperature. These sea-level high stands have been identified at both 81,000 years ago of at least +1 meter over today’s sea level(7), and 400,000 years ago, at +21 meters over today’s sea level.(8)

Now that we have identified the 330,000 year cycle, we can start to figure out the cause of it.

GRAVITY IS NOT A CONSTANT

THE GALACTIC GRAVITATIONAL WAVE

The 330,000 year cycle that has taken our planet in and out of ice ages over the past 2.5M years must correspond to something in the natural world with the ability to change either atmospheric pressure or the Earth’s proximity to the sun. The diameter of our Milky Way galaxy is 105,000 light years.(11) Multiplying this number by the value of pi gives us a galactic circumference of roughly 330,000 light years.

As Albert Einstein claimed in his General Theory of Relativity in 1915, changes in gravitational pressure travel at the speed of light. Gravity would have the ability to change atmospheric pressure. Under lower gravity, less gas would remain dissolved in the oceans, increasing the overall mass of atmosphere, resulting in increased atmospheric pressure at the surface, and higher temperatures.

Given the size of megafauna of the past, it is clear that gravity has an inverse relationship to the increase of temperature. A Woolly Mammoth of 50,000 years ago could grow to such enormous size, and in places now too cold for it to survive, because it lived under conditions of lower gravity and a warmer climate. A lowered state of gravity and a denser atmosphere also explains a great many animals of the past whose size and proportion seem to contradict their design, such as giant kangaroos too big to hop, and extremely large birds previously considered incapable of flight.

THE CHANGE IN GRAVITY HAS ALREADY BEEN MEASURED

When Henry Cavendish first built his device and measured gravity in 1798, he came up with a value for the gravitational constant that 1.2% lower than the accepted value today. Physicists would like to pass this off as a fault in his experiment, or by saying that precise science was not possible 200 years ago. But what if his measurement was absolutely correct. We have all the proof we need of increasing gravity, and now we know what happened to the megafauna.

Lastly, consider the shape that has been proposed for gravitational waves, like this one from NASA: 

Next consider the shape of our galaxy and its spiral arms.

DISCUSSION

This is obviously a radical re-interpretation of the available data in direct contradiction to three widely held, yet unproven assumptions; First, that there is or could be such a phenomenon as a greenhouse effect whereby changing the composition of atmosphere of a planet could cause a long term change in surface temperature; Second, that the ice core taken from Vostok, Antarctica and others offer complete and continuous records of past climate, and; Third, that the force of gravity has been a constant throughout the history of the Earth. This work also contradicts a widely held notion that the Earth is in an un-natural state of human-caused global warming, as opposed to a natural cycle of global cooling caused by increasing gravity.

Also interesting is that the 330,000 year gravitational cycle is expressed in the ice core data with exponential increases and decreases in temperature, and not as a simple sine wave. So the Woolly Mammoth and other megafauna would have experienced an increase in gravity but an exponential increase, coupled with a rapid decrease in temperature.

CONCLUSION

Evidence exists on every continent, from temperature data etched into the ice sheets of Antarctica, to sea level high-stands in coastal caves and coral reefs, to the fossil and frozen remains of Woolly Mammoths and other species of megafauna, the signature of the great gravitational pulse of our Milky Way galaxy.

The megafauna of tens of thousands of years ago were able to reach their enormous size under conditions of lower gravity, and thrived in places now too cold to support them, in a climate several degrees warmer than today. Their evolution and existence was made possible by the same gravitational wave which caused their extinction.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Graph of Fig. 1. climate model, Milankovitch calculations for changes in solar insolation were obtained at the website: http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/insola/Earth/online/index.php

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This article draws a conclusion made possible through the data and scientific work of thousands of scientists across many different fields of study over a long period of time; the launching of space probes to Venus and Saturn, the collection and study of the ice core from Antarctica, the study of past sea levels, and the collection and study of fossil remains from around the world, as well as the work of Albert Einstein one hundred years ago.

REFERENCES AND NOTES

1.  http://data.giss.nasa.gov

2.  J.M. Jenkins, P. G. Steffes, D.P. Hinson, J.D. Twicken, and G.L. Tyler, Radio   Occultation Studies of the Venus Atmosphere with the Magellan Spacecraft, Icarus, Vol. 110, 79-94, 1994

3.  credit: Harry Dale Huffman - https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index? qid=20101115180437AApqdwG

4.  In situ measurements of the physical characteristics of Titan's environment. M. Fulchignoni, et al., Nature 438, 785-791 (8 December 2005)

5.  Ibid.

6.  Petit, J.R., et al., 2001, Vostok Ice Core Data for 420,000 Years, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #2001-076.  NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.

7.  Sea-Level Highstand 81,000 Years Ago in Mallorca. Jeffrey A. Dorale, Bogdan P. Onac, Joan J. Fornós, Joaquin Ginés, Angel Ginés, Paola Tuccimei, David W. Peate. Science 12 February 2010: Vol. 327 no. 5967 pp. 860-863

8.  A sustained +21 m sea-level highstand during MIS 11 (400 ka): direct fossil and sedimentary evidence from Bermuda. Storrs L. Olsona, , , Paul J. Heartyb, c, 1, Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 28, Issues 3–4, February 2009, Pages 271–285

9.  Laskar, J., Robutel, P., Joutel, F., Gastineau, M., Correia, A.C.M., Levrard, B. : 2004, A&A 428, 261-285 (2004), A long term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth.

10.Ibid. 6

11.The Hidden Lives of Galaxies, Jim Lochner, USRA & NASA/GSFC